Surface modification control stations and methods in a globally distributed array for dynamically adjusting the atmospheric, terrestrial and oceanic properties

ABSTRACT

Surface modification control stations and methods in a globally distributed array for dynamically adjusting the atmospheric, terrestrial and oceanic properties. The control stations modify the humidity, currents, wind flows and heat removal rate of the surface and facilitate cooling and control of large area of global surface temperatures. This global system is made of arrays of multiple sub-systems that monitor climate and act locally on weather with dynamically generated local forcing &amp; perturbations for guiding in a controlled manner aim at long-term modifications. The machineries are part of a large-scale system consisting of an array of many such machines put across the globe at locations called the control stations. These are then used in a coordinated manner to modify large area weather and the global climate as desired. The energy system installed at a control stations, with multiple machines to change the local parameters of the ocean, these stations are powered using renewable energy (RE) sources including Solar, Ocean Currents, Wind, Waves and Batteries to store energy and provide sufficient power and energy as required and available at all hours. This energy is then used to do directed work using special machines, that can be pumps for seawater to move ocean water either amplifying or changing the currents in various locations and at different depths, in addition it will have machineries for changing the vertical depth profile of the ocean of temperature, salinity and currents. Control stations will also directly use devices such as heat pumps to change the temperatures of local water either at surface or at controlled depths, or modify the humidity and salinity to change the atmospheric and oceanic properties as desired. The system will work in a globally coordinated manner applying artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to learn from observations to improve the control characteristics and aim to slow down the rise of global surface temperatures. These systems are used to reduce the temperatures of coral reefs, arctic glaciers and south pacific to control the El Nino oscillations.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 16/409,055, filed on May 10, 2019, which is a continuationapplication of International Application No. PCT/IB2018/051811, filed on19 Mar. 2018 which claims priority from co-pending U.S. provisionalapplication No. 62/473,499, filed on 20 Mar. 2017, entitled “QuarterDegree”, naming as inventor Dr. Sunit Tyagi, and is incorporated it itsentirety herewith, to the extent not inconsistent with the disclosure ofthe instant application.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of controlling the globaltemperature rise driven by the accumulation of heat due to increasinggreenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The invention further relates toclimate modification and engineering systems and machineries used tomodify wide area properties of atmosphere, ground and oceans. Theinvention further relates to design of renewable energy generationsources and systems to provide continual energy to drive climatemodification machineries. The invention further relates to the continualsensing, monitoring, simulation and modeling of atmospheric and surfaceproperties and coordinated storage and synthesis of the information indistributed and centralized information system. The invention furtherrelates to design, control of temporal and spatial coordination ofglobal array of such climate modification machineries with algorithmsfor learning and dynamic modification of response. The invention furtherrelates to control of temperatures of coral reefs, arctic glaciers andsouthern pacific region related to El Nino oscillations.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Anthropogenic emissions have increased the atmospheric concentration ofGreen House Gases (GHG) such as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, etc. and inturn these higher GHG concentrations have changed the energy balance ofEarth; with net incoming energy estimated to now be in the range of 0.6to 1 W/m², leading to higher accumulation of heat. The increasedaccumulation of heat on Earth's surface is predicted to inexorablychange the climate, with average temperatures already increasing, andmelting of Arctic and Antarctic ice masses leading to higher sea levels.This runaway process is already underway and many claim that cataclysmicchanges cannot be averted.

A large body of research and scientific thinking has gone in to addressthe global challenge of climate change; and much of it has focused onreducing the GHG emissions, so as to slow down the process, byencouraging renewable energy generation, higher efficiency devices aswell clean carbon technologies.

In addition, since concentrations of GHGs in Earth's atmosphere havealready increased due to past emissions, that have led to irrevocablechanges in energy balance, to counter these baked-in emissions, researchis ongoing on technologies to decarbonize, or reducing the GHG inatmosphere by capturing and sequestering carbon and other compounds.

However, these technologies for clean generation, cleaning the air andefficient consumption are all expensive—increasing the cost of energy by25% to 50%, making their adoption slow and difficult. The challenge isto develop technologies that are not only more affordable but also donot force energy austerity on billions of global citizens who are tryingto improve their lifestyles, and in doing so will necessarily increasetheir need for higher quantity and quality energy. It is not possible;or fair, to limit the energy use in developing economies, as energy useincreases concomitantly as standards of living improve. To enforcereduced energy use or affordability on under developed sections is todeny freedom to grow.

The advent of industrial revolution and burgeoning world population hasled to significant increase in burning of fossil fuels, and as a resultthe atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased steadily and is nowover 50% higher than that of the pre-industrial age. Higher GHGconcentration in the atmosphere gives higher back radiation from thegreen house gas that act like a blanket for the atmosphere this giveshigher energy imbalance, and accumulation of heat on Earth's surface.With the higher GHG concentration energy imbalance on planet surface hassteadily increased and the current estimates range from 0.6 W/m² to 1W/m². The higher energy imbalance has led to increasing surfacetemperature of the Earth over the past century with the surfacetemperature increase is clear in the recent decades emerging from thedecadal natural variations, and rising roughly 0.7 degrees Centigrade inlast 50 years, for an average rise of 0.14 degrees/decade.

Most of earth's thermal capacity is in the oceans; the increase inenergy stored that is dominating the climate system, is in ocean heatcontent. This accounts for more than 90% of the energy accumulatedbetween 1971 and 2010. Most of this ocean heat remains near the surfacedue to the slow (rates spanning decades) of mixing of the ocean layersthat remain stratified due to thermal and salinity differences. Althoughthe ocean waters are in constant motion driven by winds and earth'srotation churning in gyres and currents, with the oceanic water movesfrom equatorial regions to the polar seas and back through surface anddeep-water flows. These lead to some mixing of waters and transport ofheat from across the equator. However, studies of the ocean currents andmixing show that for all the oceans the heat penetration to lower depthsis very less. As a result of increased heating of ocean surface theseawater on surface is getting warmer, and the average planettemperature is rising. This is giving higher melting of the ice inArctic and Antarctic regions. Melting of the ice shelve from underneathand above, leads to removal of buttressing ice sheets, eventuallycausing crevassing and calving of ice and melting at accelerating rate,further removing buttressing ice that is needed for structural stabilityand accelerating melting. The mass of ice shelves both in Greenland(Arctic) and the Antarctica has been steadily decreasing and is expectedto accelerate. This melting of ice results in adding of fresh surfacewater with lighter densities and further stratification, but alsoincreasing the mean sea levels. The addition of seawater from melting ofice shelves has been increasing the global mean sea level. The sea levelalso rises due to the warming of the water due to thermal expansion,increasing by nearly 58 mm for each 1° C. rise in temperature. The rateof sea level change is expected to accelerate with hastening of iceshelf melting, and increasing ocean heat content. The fresh water frommelting ice has low salinity and therefore floats on the surface, withdeeper layer of water having higher density due to higher salinity andcolder temperatures, increasing stratification and creating a positivefeedback of increasing surface temperatures.

Although the ocean currents lead to extensive movement across the globe,vertically the ocean water remains stratified, separated by differencesin density due to temperature and salinity. The surface layer is warmerand lighter separated by buoyancy forces defining the pycnolcline layerthat separates it from deeper colder and heavier water. The density ofthe water is lightest at the surface, driven by both higher temperaturesat the surface due to solar heating and lower salinity due to additionof fresh water from precipitation such as rains, and melting of iceshelves. Horizontal and vertical currents also exist below thepycnocline in the ocean's deeper waters. The movement of water due todifferences in density as a function of water temperature and salinityis called thermohaline circulation. Vertical temperature profile of theocean is defined by a sharp drop in temperature near the surface, i.e.in the thermocline region, followed by a steady decrease to the bottom.While the surface waters can be as warm as 30° C., the temperature atsea bottom decreases steadily to around 2° C. to 4° C. fairlyindependent of latitudes, the temperature falls rapidly in upper 1000 mand is below 5° C. for most part of deeper ocean. It is important tonote that the colder deeper seawater has been relatively unaffected bythe changes in the surface temperature so far, and most of the oceanheat content addition has been at the surface.

However there is asymmetry in the energy imbalance between Southern andNorthern oceans that drives ocean flows. The energy imbalance variesacross the globe and is due to the fact that the Southern hemisphere islargely consisting of open oceans, while there is predominantly landmassin the North. The top of atmosphere (TOA) in southern hemisphereeffectively sees a net input of solar radiation, while in the North itis fairly balanced out due to higher land temperatures. This extra oceanheat in Southern hemisphere is thus convected northwards by ocean flowsand in turn is balanced by the wind driven atmospheric weather and whichmoves heat from North to South. Subtropical South Pacific is one of theEarth's major areas for heat accumulation and accounts for up to aquarter of the global ocean heat increase, with local heat accumulationalso extending some below 2000 m depth, this deeper heat accumulation isdue to a decade-long intensification of wind-driven convergence. TheSouth Pacific heat content is driven by wind convergence and affected bythe local La Nina or El Nino effects.

Oceans define Earth's thermal capacity as discussed they have taken upnearly 90% of the heat that has accumulated so far, but as stated above,this is confined usually only to the upper layers of the ocean as theocean layers are mixed over the course of a year or a decade, limitingexchange of energy to the upper 700 meters of waters. If the entire bodyof water in ocean was well mixed and the heat currently accumulating isevenly distributed throughout the depths of oceans, the total thermalcapacity of ocean can be used and the temperatures of the entire ocean,including that of sea surface, would rise by only 0.017 degrees Celsiuseach decade! Calculations show that if Earth was heating by roughly 0.6W/m² and given the global surface area is 5.1×10¹⁴ m², the buildup ofenergy is about 3×10¹⁴ Joules per second, which is 9.5×10²² Joules perdecade. As an approximation, assuming the specific heat capacity ofseawater is about 3,900 Joules per kg per degrees Celsius and the totalmass of the oceans is 1.4×10²¹ kg, this would mean that it would take5.5×10²⁴ Joules to heat the entire ocean by 1 degree Celsius. Dividingthe calculated heating rate above of 9.5×10²² Joules per decade by5.5×10²⁴ Joules per degrees Celsius we get the heating rate of 0.017degrees Celsius per decade, so it would take about 600 years to raisethe temperature by 1 degree Celsius. In reality most of this energy hasbeen heating the upper few hundred meters giving the rates nearly tentimes higher that are seen today.

Increasing GHG concentrations in atmosphere due to anthropogenicemissions are leading to an additional energy accumulation of roughly0.6 to 1 W/m², and today this is causing an increase in globaltemperatures by roughly 0.17 C per decade. The common suggested approachto address this trend, and to avert worst-case cataclysmic impact, hasbeen to reduce the emissions by not using fossil fuels and usingrenewable energy instead. There are several issues with this approachfirstly the adoption of renewable energy is still slow and thus today itprovides only a minor fraction of the total generation sources. The lowadoption is mainly due to their high cost, also since the renewablesources are affected by incoming natural sources, the variability ingeneration is very high and less predictable, this impacts adoption andthis concern is being addressed by using energy storage such asbatteries but that adds to the expense. Secondly another concern withadopting only the strategy of reducing fossil fuel consumption is thatthe accumulated amount of GHG already emitted and in the atmospheretoday, this will continue heating the planet and increasing thetemperatures, so even stopping the emissions today will not reverse thetrends underway. The technologies for carbon capture from atmosphere areunder development but are expensive today costing upwards of 1000 USdollars for removal of every ton of CO₂, requiring investment equalingannual global GDP so as to reduce the GHG concentrations down toacceptable levels, and this will necessarily take a long time tocounteract the ongoing emission and then remove the decades ofaccumulated gases from the atmosphere. So with the currently adoptedapproaches the planet warming trends cannot be reversed.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless thecontext requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as“comprises” and “comprising”, will be understood to mean the inclusionof a stated feature or step, or group of features or steps, but not theexclusion of any other feature or step, or group of features or steps.

The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and shouldnot be taken as, an acknowledgement or any suggestion that the prior artforms part of the common general knowledge.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the present invention provides a system for changingocean surface temperature and other parameters including a plurality ofphotovoltaic cells receiving sunlight, each of said plurality of voltaiccells being connected to an energy generation unit, a plurality of windturbines, driven by received wind, each of said plurality of windturbines being connected to the energy generation unit, a plurality ofocean turbines, each of said plurality of ocean turbines being connectedto the energy generation unit, the energy generation unit being operableto transfer energy and store said energy in a plurality of energystorage units, a plurality of horizontal pumps operable to deflectnaturally occurring currents or to attenuate water currents, saidplurality of horizontal pumps being positioned to create a desired oceancurrent profile, the plurality of horizontal pumps being connected toand drawing energy from the generation and energy storage units, aplurality of vertical pumps operable to pump water vertically to createa vertical flow of ocean water and churn and distribute matter therebymoving warmer surface water to cooler depths of the ocean, the pluralityof horizontal pumps being connected to and drawing energy from thegeneration and storage units, a plurality of heat pumps to transportthermal energy operable to obtain a desired temperature depth profileand a desired temperature distribution, the plurality of heat pumpsbeing connected to and drawing energy from the generation and storageunits, a plurality of osmosis units operable to change salinity profileof the ocean surface water, the plurality of osmosis units beingconnected to and drawing power from the generation and storage units, aplurality of fan units operable to change wind profile on surface ofwater, the plurality of fan units being connected to and drawing powerfrom the generation and storage units, and a plurality of long infraredwavelength radiation devices operable to emit to outer space within theatmospheric window to cool the environment as desired, the plurality ofinfrared emitter units being connected to and drawing power from thegeneration and storage units.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides a system formeasurement, monitoring and data logging of atmospheric and oceanparameters including at least the following data instrumentation aplurality of thermometers measuring atmospheric and ocean temperature,each of said plurality of thermometers being connected to a dataaggregation and processing unit, a plurality of barometers measuringatmospheric pressure, each of said plurality of barometers beingconnected to the data aggregation and processing unit, a plurality ofhygroscopes measuring atmospheric relative humidity, each of saidplurality of hygroscopes being connected to the data aggregation andprocessing unit, a plurality of anemometers measuring wind speed anddirection, each of said plurality of anemometers being connected to thedata aggregation and processing unit, a plurality of hydrophonesmeasuring ocean current, each of said plurality of hydrophones beingconnected to the data aggregation and processing unit, a plurality ofsonar based Doppler measuring ocean current, each of said plurality ofDoppler instruments being connected to the data aggregation andprocessing unit, a plurality of electric conductivity meters measuringsalinity of ocean waters, each of said plurality of conductivity metersbeing connected to the data aggregation and processing unit.

In a third aspect, the present invention provides an ocean based oceanand atmosphere parameter control system including a platform mounted ona rigid floating structure to form a composite floating platform, thecomposite floating platform being placed on one or more floatingsub-structures, the floating sub-structures being hollow and operable toprovide buoyancy, the floating substructures being placed on a pluralityof floating chamber sections, the composite floating platform beingattached to a plurality of cables operable to prevent the platform fromdrifting away, wherein at least one of the plurality of cables isfastened to the ground, at least one of the plurality of cables isfastened to anchor structures; and at least one windmill is positionedon the platform.

Embodiments of the invention seek to address the shortcomings of theprior art through the provision of a method of modifying and cooling thesurface of the planet, where renewable energy may be applied tocounteract the impact on temperatures, humidity, wind and oceancurrents. This method may consist of building machineries to move heataway from the surface of the planet, specifically reduce the Surface SeaTemperature (SST) and by doing so reduce the global temperatures andmodify the weather and climate. This may be achieved by pushing the heataccumulating into the oceans, deeper into the lower waters. Naturalprocess tend to keep the heat near the surface, driven mainly by thestratification of water due to temperature giving lower density onsurface and also salinity differences. This makes vertical transferdifficult and gives poor mixing of oceans due to naturally occurringcurrents and flows. This stratification leads to heating of the mainlythe surface layers, thus the global temperature is on an averageincreasing at roughly 0.14 degrees Celsius per decade. By mixing theheat into the oceans better, the rate of average surface temperaturerise may be able to be slowed down by nearly an order of magnitude. Thismay be achieved by recognizing that surface sea temperature (SST) is akey factor determining the local weather and in general short andlong-term climatic conditions, a way to control SST and mixing of Oceanswill help slow down the immediate temperature rise and climatic change.

Embodiments of the invention also seek to reduce the surface seatemperature by movement of heat away from the surface, by using pumpseither directly to move seawater where warm water is moved deeper intocold oceans. Seawater pumps may be used for operation in ocean atvarying depths for current modification with amplification, attenuationand sideward deflection of currents on the surface and deep-oceancurrent. These pumps may be placed at different depths to influenceoverall structural flow of thermoclines, and can be used for verticallymix thermocline layers in ocean and then used to control the surfacewater temperature and salinity. The pumps may be designed for changingflow strength either inline, opposing, or perpendicular and can bemobile so as to move to areas of interest and can also be spatiallyseparated out far from generation location. Another method would to beuse closed cycle heat pumps that move a thermic fluid to carry the heat;the thermic process transports higher heat capacity so a smaller volumehas to be pumped around. Heat pumps are preferred because of theirenergy efficiency to move the heat from the surface to deeper ocean oraway from melting arctic ice or to counter the heating of coral reefsurface. Besides temperature, other local properties such as humiditycan be controlled with work done by misting devices or converselydehumidifiers. Similarly using reverse osmosis or mixing surface waterswith deeper water can change salinity of the surface waters. Anotherapproach could be to use renewable energy for doing work that does notheat the surface, such as driving chemical electrolysis or otherendothermic reactions, for instance using hydrolysis for large scalehydrogen production that uses a high amount of energy, in doing soremoves it from the surface heating. Another type of work that can bedone would be to convert the energy to infrared that is then radiatedback to the deep space through the known atmospheric spectral window oflight wavelengths between 9 to 13 um!

Embodiments of the invention use renewable energy sources to drivemachines, pumps and heat pumps. Electricity may be generated using windturbines, solar panels and/or ocean current turbines. The wind turbinesand solar power systems may be built on floating pontoons structures,rigs or manmade islands, by combining the counteracting mechanicalrequirements of solar and wind structures for overall balance and costoptimization.

In other embodiments, the system may be modified in design suitable forlocal use, such as wind turbines or solar panel farm covering ice on theAntarctic to shade the field from direct sunlight, thus preventing ofmelting due to the sunlight, while the energy generated is used to driveheat pumps to cool the warm waters below, or using seawater pumps tooverturn warm waters away from ice. In some cases by using electricitygenerated from solar or ocean currents, wind turbines can also be drivenin reverse to be used as a fan to generate wind as desired for localweather modification.

Embodiments of the invention may use a global network of sensor arraysto measure and collect data over large area of properties such as windspeeds & direction temperature, salinity, current flow directions andmeasuring these parameters extending the information in verticaldirections to get height & depth profiles. The sensor nodes withautomated calibration and operational modes, may communicate with basestations or between the various stations in a mesh using wireless orwired network. The collected data may be collated at the edge and atcenters of network to allow local data validation and crosschecking thenstored in specialized distributed database. Regular data sanitizationmay be performed in the local regions with indexing and labeling anddata synthesis performed to provide 4D (space+time) GIS for variables ofinterest along with their key statistics.

Embodiments of the invention involve the design of an array of controlstations that may be spread across the globe and the functioning oftheir machines and pumps coordinated across long distances. By using anarray of large number of pumps or devices, the system may be able toaffect large areas with each device distributed in the array handling areasonable size of energy or area. Each element in the array may breakdown the problem of control to its local region of influence, howeverthe overall and bigger impact may be coordinated by control of eachstation in the array to modify the ensemble as a whole. Similarly thelong-term trend may be impacted and controlled by sequence of designedtemporal perturbations.

In other embodiments, the global placement of the machines in the arrayon the open seas is designed so as to be most efficacious and this isdone by using gridding patterns, densities and algorithms as developedin numerical computing. Another approach for placement of the arrays isto leverage crucial geographical areas, typically boundaries between seaand land, which naturally have big impact on weather and climate, forinstance the ocean currents such as Gulf Stream, Kuriosho and otherscritical global climate levers such as the wind driven convergencecurrents impacting El Nino. The arrays may be placed to specificallytarget and modify these flows i.e. strengthening, weakening ordeflection and in doing so these flows are used to amplify the work doneby machines in the array. In addition control stations may be arrayed toaddress storms such as Hurricane/Typhoon. Critical placement of controlstations arrays is where the storm paths tend to converge andconcentrate, especially where they build up in the subtropics, such asnear the Tenerife Islands, Caribbean, Florida and Gulf of Mexico,Hawaii, Philippines, Taiwan, Korea, and Andaman Islands in Bay ofBengal.

In other embodiments, numerical modeling simulations may use the datacollection of wind, surface temperature over large areas to refinenumerical weather prediction. These simulation models may then becalibrated against historical and episodic data, and refined based onthe derived fits. The prediction algorithms may then be used withdesigned controlled perturbations deployed through the array of controlstations. The results of predictions may then be compared to theexperimental observations that result from the forced perturbations,thus completing the information feedback loop for further refining thealgorithms. The dynamic algorithms may evolve using distributed machinelearning and deep learning methods to the refine the predictivecapabilities and control. These predictive algorithms may then be usedto drive larger area and longer term coordinated perturbations that areengineered to guide the weather and climate to a desired state.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter that is regarded as the invention is particularlypointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion ofthe specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, andadvantages of the invention are apparent from the following detaileddescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings inwhich:

FIG. 1 depicts details of naturally occurring stratification of oceansthat leads to presence of surface layers of higher temperaturethermocline, lower salinity as depicted by the halocline and lowerdensity shown by pycnocline;

FIGS. 2A-B depicts one embodiment of a control station system using arenewable energy sources to generate electricity or thermo mechanicalenergy and using that energy to drive machineries and do work in aplurality of ways to impact a plurality of climate parameters, inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 3 depicts one embodiment of a system a renewable energy controlstation for generating energy for doing work using renewable sourcessuch as combination of solar, wind, ocean currents and waves, andperforming computing and information processing and communicating thedata in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 4A-K depicts one embodiment of a physical and mechanical design ofa renewable energy control station for generating energy for doing workusing renewable sources such as combination of solar, wind, oceancurrents and waves, and using counter-balancing design elements toreduce overall cost, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 5 depicts one embodiment of a system for an engineered interactionbetween ocean and atmosphere comprising a plurality of machines tomodify a plurality of parameters such as pressure, temperature,humidity, concentrations and currents and depth and height profiles ofthese parameters, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 6 depicts one embodiment of a system for cooling the surface of theocean and atmosphere by using a plurality of pumps to bring deeper coldwater to the surface or moving the surface water by inducing ormodifying currents at different depths and positions, in accordance withan aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 7 depicts one embodiment of a system for cooling the surface of theocean and atmosphere by using plurality of heat pumps using a closedloop design of thermic fluid and exchangers to move heat from thesurface to cooler depths, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 8 depicts one embodiment of a system for collecting data using aplurality of types of multiple sensors to measure a plurality ofparameters for atmosphere and ocean at different depths and positions,in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 9 depicts one embodiment of a system where the data from pluralityof sensors is used to cross check, signal process, re-compute andstatistically validate the incoming measurements and informationprocessing is done at the station to extract relevant structure andsummarize the data which is stored in a distributed manner to ensurecorrectness, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 10 depicts one embodiment of a system for designing an array ofcontrol stations positioned at different depths and locations which thenact in a coordinated to manner ensure larger area or durationperturbation, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 11 depicts one embodiment of a system where the placement of thestations in the array is determined to maximize the efficacy ofcoordinated action to collect data and force changes in climate, inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 12 .A depicts one embodiment of a system design of an array ofcontrol stations positioned at geographic locations where the action ofstations in a coordinated is most effective due to the naturallyoccurring currents and features of weather pattern, in accordance withan aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 12 .B depicts one embodiment of a system design of an array ofcontrol stations positioned at geographic locations where thecoordinated action is most effective to influence and countercyclogenesis and strengthening of Hurricanes, in accordance with anaspect of the present invention;

FIG. 13A-C depicts one embodiment of a system Numerical WeatherPrediction where the data from sensor network with wider coverage andfiner granularity is used to calibrate the modeling and better predictthe features of observed weather pattern, in accordance with an aspectof the present invention;

FIG. 14A-B depicts one embodiment of a system which uses advanced datascience and Artificial intelligence techniques of Machine Learning andDeep Learning to provide feedback from the measured response to aforcing of climate and then to further refine Numerical WeatherPrediction system and design next round of forcing in a continualimprovement manner, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 15 depicts one embodiment of a system design of an array of controlstations positioned in reed islands and shoals for coordinated action tocontrol temperature in reef and shoal waters, in accordance with anaspect of the present invention;

FIG. 16 depicts one embodiment of a system design of an array of controlstations positioned in Arctic and Antarctic for coordinated action tocontrol temperatures and reduce the rate of ice melt and breaking office shelves into sea, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 17 depicts one embodiment of a system that forces changes in seasurface temperature over oceans using renewable energy sources thatdrive machines performing weather modifying work, that is coordinatedover large area arrays, leveraging naturally occurring currents tomodify the weather, using Numerical Weather Prediction along withArtificial Intelligence techniques to refine and control long termclimate direction, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT(S) OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, the terms “windmill, “wind turbines” and “turbines” areused interchangeably, and unless otherwise specified include any rotor,stator, blades, nacelle, tower, cabling, controllers, housing, frame,etc., having one or more electricity generating components forconverting energy from wind to mechanical power to electricity suitablyconverted and generated.

As used herein, the terms “ocean current turbines” and “submergedturbines” are used interchangeably, and unless otherwise specifiedinclude any rotor, stator, blades, nacelle, structural posts, cabling,controllers, housing, frame, etc., having one or more electricitygenerating components for converting energy from ocean currents tomechanical power to electricity suitably converted and generated.

As used herein, the terms “wave convertors” and “wave machines” are usedinterchangeably, and unless otherwise specified include any moveableparts, stator, blades, structures, cabling, controllers, housing, frame,etc., having one or more electricity generating components forconverting energy from ocean waves to mechanical power to electricitysuitably converted and generated.

As used herein, the terms “solar photovoltaic”, “PV system” “PV modules”and “solar cells” are used interchangeably, and unless otherwisespecified include any solar cells, cables, DC-DC convertors or invertersalong with electronics controllers, housing, frames, structures, etc.,having one or more electricity generating components for convertingenergy from sunlight to electricity suitably converted and generated.

As used herein, seawater flows ‘across the heat exchanger’ and coolantflows “through the heat exchanger”. Flowing across the heat exchangerrefers to water passing across the outside of the conductive tubingforming the one or more water flow paths around the exchanger tubingmesh, while flowing through the heat exchanger refers to the coolant(e.g. liquid) passing through the heat exchangers one or more coolantflow paths formed by the conductive tubing. One example of liquidcoolant employed in a liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger is water. However,the concepts disclosed herein are readily adapted to use with othertypes of liquid coolant. For example, one or more of the liquid coolantsmay comprise a brine, a fluorocarbon liquid, a liquid metal, or othersimilar coolant, or refrigerant, while still maintaining the advantagesand unique features of the present invention.

Reference is made below to the drawings, which are not drawn to scalefor reasons of understanding, wherein the same reference numbers usedthroughout different figures designate the same or similar components.

FIG. 1 depicts the natural depth profiles of properties of interest fornominal ocean water cross-section; the properties of interest are theTemperature (in ° C.), the Salinity in Practical Salinity Units(Electrical conductivity) and the Density (g/cm³). The depth profiles100, are shown in two panels 100A and 1008.

FIG. 1 , panel 100A shows the Density profile 103 and Temperatureprofile 104. As seen in profile 103, surface water being much lighter indensity with a steep change of density within top 50 to 1000 meters ofsurface. The density profile drop then tapers off below the depth linemarked as Pycnocline 102, and the region of sharp change is shown with alight grey fill. As seen in profile 104, surface water is also higher intemperature with a steep change of temperature within top 50 to 1000meters of surface. Temperature profile drop then tapers off below thedepth line marked as Thermocline 101, and the region of sharp changeshown with a grey fill. It is noted that the relative position ofPycnocline 102 and Thermocline 101 are illustrative only and in realitythese positions could vary from section to section both in absolutedepths and in relative placements.

FIG. 1 panel 100B shows the Salinity profile 107 and Temperature profile108 (same profile as 104). As seen in profile 107, surface water hasmuch lower salinity due to mixing of fresh water from rain or riversmixing on the top and with a steep change of salinity within top 50 to1000 meters of surface. The salinity profile drop then tapers off belowthe depth line marked as Halocline 106, and the region of sharp changeis shown with a light grey fill. As seen in profile 108 (same profile as104), the surface water is also higher in temperature with a steepchange of temperature within top 50 to 1000 meters of surface.Temperature profile drop then tapers off below the depth line marked asThermocline 105, and the region of sharp change shown with a grey fill.It is noted that the relative position of Halocline 106 and Thermocline105 are illustrative only and in reality these positions could vary fromsection to section both in absolute depths and in relative placements.

Naturally many forces that move mass and energy in the water driveprocesses occurring in the seas and oceans. Some of the forces movingthe water mass include gravity, buoyancy, convection and turbulence ordisordered flow due to transfer of kinetic energy from wind to the oceansurface or tidal forces driven by earth-moon gravitational pull andwaves driven by the rotation of earth and generation of ocean gyres dueto resultant action of Coriolis and multiple forces. While the heat inthe system is moved along with mass driven by convection, diffusion andthermal balance amongst others. These forces tend to keep the heat nearthe surface, this is because the heating is predominantly by sunlight onthe surface, and then constrained to remain there driven mainly by thestratification of water due to temperature profile 104 which in itselfgives lower density due to expansion of water on the surface as shown in103, in addition the input of fresh water on the surface from rains andrivers lead to lower salinity and density as shown in 107 and 103respectively. The salinity and density rise quickly moving towards thebottom, due to sinking of the dissolved solids, this further increasesthe sharp nature of density drop. As a result of these naturalprocesses, the trio of Halocline, Thermocline and Pycnocline are welldefined regions which together lead to a steady state profile of lowerdensity and salinity on the surface which in turns keep the heatcollected at the surface confined to the top region. This stratificationmakes vertical transfer of heat and mass difficult and gives poor mixingof oceans due to naturally occurring currents and flows.

The turbulent processes driven by wind and wave coupling are also notvery strong and prevalent due to poor coupling between the atmosphereand ocean, driven mainly by interactions on rough surfaces or near landmasses. The low coupling of energy leads to poor direct correlation ofparameters and also slow and inefficient mixing across the depth due tothese natural processes. Thus the wind interaction does not break thestratification.

This stratification leads to heating of the mainly the top few hundredof surface layers of water, since this is a limited amount of watermass, it has effectively lower thermal capacity and as a result for agiven amount of extra energy input the surface temperature rises fasterthan they would have if there was better mixing of water. Thus withnatural processes there is strong stratification and confinement of theheat to the surface as a result the global temperature is on an averageincreasing at roughly 0.14 degrees Celsius per decade!

Thus, there are numerous reasons for naturally occurring sea surfacetemperature to increase rapidly with currently occurring processes,which are addressed by concepts, described herein below. These reasonsinclude

-   -   Heating of surface water by absorption of solar energy on top.    -   Injection of fresh water on surface due to precipitation or due        to rivers and ice melting, this leads to low salinity water on        the surface.    -   Steep changes on surface of salinity and temperature give rise        to sharp reduction of the density on the surface of oceans.    -   These surface profiles lead to stratification of surface water,        driven by Thermocline, Halocline and Pycnocline regions        stabilizing each other.    -   Stable stratification of seawater gives poor vertical mixing of        waters.

As a result of this the energy is confined to the surface.

As only surface is actively collecting the heat the effective thermalcapacity of the ocean is reduced by an order of magnitude, and thesurface sea temperature rises quickly.

The shortcomings of the naturally occurring processes may be overcomeand additional advantages are provided by embodiments of this invention,through the provision of a method of modifying and cooling the surfaceof the planet, where renewable energy is applied to work to counteractthe impact on temperatures, humidity, wind and ocean currents. In anembodiment, this method consists of building machineries to move heataway from the surface of the planet, specifically reduce the Surface SeaTemperature (SST) and by doing so reduce the global temperatures andmodify the weather and climate. This is achieved by pushing the heataccumulating into the oceans, deeper into the lower waters. By mixingthe heat into the oceans better, the rate of average surface temperaturerise can be slowed down by nearly an order of magnitude. This is done byrecognizing that surface sea temperature (SST) is a key factordetermining the local weather and in general short and long-termclimatic conditions, a way to control SST and mixing of Oceans will helpslow down the immediate temperature rise and climatic change.

Generally stated, disclosed herein below are methods for reducing therate of rise of surface sea temperature by moving the extra heat awayfrom the surface deeper into the ocean waters.

If the entire body of water in ocean was well mixed, thus the profiles103, 104,107 and 108 would not have the sharp structure near thesurface, instead there would be a smooth shape of profiles for density,salinity increasing while the temperature decreasing with higher depths.With vertical mixing of waters or movement of heat, the extra heat dueto greenhouse gases that is currently accumulating near the surface willget evenly distributed throughout the depths of oceans. This would meanthat the temperature rise would be contained by the total thermalcapacity of ocean. As can be seen this is much larger amount, higher bynearly an order of magnitude. If the heat is moved deeper into theocean, calculations show that for the current rate of extra heating, thetemperatures of the entire ocean, including that of sea surface, wouldrise by only 0.017 degrees Celsius each decade! This would besignificant slowing down of the present heating trends and will becritical to slow down the processes currently hastening towards a warmerglobal climate. The runway heating has significant impact in terms ofextreme weather events, rise in sea water levels with resultant floodingof low lying coastal areas. By slowing this rate of rise, onset of suchevents can be delayed and even averted. These concepts will now beelaborated and presented, although preferred embodiments have beendepicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to thoseskilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions,Substitutions and the like can be made without departing from the spiritof the invention and these are therefore considered to be within thescope of the invention as defined herein below.

In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 2 .A, renewable energy source aretapped and converted to electricity using renewable energy conversionmethods, the electricity thus generated is used to drive machinery usedto modify the local weather properties. In another embodiment, shown inFIG. 2 .B, renewable energy source are tapped but are converted tothermo-mechanical energy using renewable energy conversion methods,which is then used to drive machinery used to modify the local weatherproperties.

In FIG. 2 .A, the incident renewable energy in form of sunlight isconverted to electricity using photovoltaic system or solar cells andmodules 201. Energy from wind is converted to electricity using windturbines 202, and renewable energy in ocean currents and waves isconverted to electricity using ocean vanes and turbines 203. Theelectrical energy can be directly used or excess stored in electricalstorage 204 such as batteries, ultra-capacitors or circuits for lateruse.

The energy from 201, 202, 203 and 204 can be pooled and shared acrossmultiple machineries and circuits, these machineries include horizontalpumps 205, that are used to pump water in horizontal direction tocreate, enhance or attenuate water currents 210 or deflect naturallyoccurring such as Gulf Stream 211 and these could be placed at varyingocean depths to create a desired profile of currents. These currents canbe used to force mixing for modifying surface temperatures or changingthe geographical spread of the water as required.

The energy can be also used for vertical pumps 206, which pump water invertical direction to create flow vertically for purpose of verticalmixing in terms of upwelling or down-welling 212, and churning 213 orredistributing matter and by doing this moving cooler deep water tosurface to reduce the surface temperature increase the surface densityand salinity, in effect changing the profiles 103, 104, 107 and 108 asrequired.

Another use of energy shown in FIG. 2A is to transport thermal energydone using closed or open cycle heat pumps 207. The heat pump designdescribed herein below, transports heat without incurring the energycost of transporting large amount of matter. With heat pumps the thermalenergy can be moved laterally 215 to move it out of a shallow area suchas coral reefs, alternatively the heat can be moved deeper into ocean214 changing temperature profiles 104 & 108 thus effectively utilizingthe full thermal capacity of ocean volume, and slowing the rise of thesurface sea temperature.

Another use of energy is to change the salinity profile 107 usingdevices which reduce the ionic concentration with osmotic pumps 208 toremove ions or adding salts or ionic chemicals to modify the salinity216 as desired. Since naturally the surface salinity is low, stratifyingthe surface waters, addition of salts on surface will increase thedensity of the warm waters sinking them to promote better mixing,conversely the salt can be extracted from deeper water reducing thedensity at lower depths and causing the upper waters to be more salineand denser thus promoting vertical mixing.

Another use of energy is to change the humidity 217 at the surface ofocean by using machineries such as mister (misting devices) orde-humidifiers 209. These devices by modifying the immediate vicinity ofhumidity can cause extra interaction between the ocean and theatmosphere especially layers of air right above the ocean and modify thewater content as the surface wind rises upward. These allow the couplingof energy between air and ocean to be engineered as required.

In FIG. 2 .B, the incident renewable energy in form of sunlight isconverted to thermal energy using solar thermal system 218, or convertedto mechanical energy by driving a turbine. Wind energy can be convertedto mechanical energy using wind turbines 219, and renewable energy inocean currents and waves is converted to mechanical energy using oceanvanes and turbines 220. The kinetic mechanical energy can be directlyused or excess stored in thermo-mechanical storage 221 such as flywheelsor thermal storage such as phase change material or high thermalcapacity matter for later use, where the thermal energy is convertedback to mechanical with turbines driven by heat.

The energy from 218, 219, 220 and 221 can be pooled and shared acrossmultiple machineries and circuits, these machineries include horizontalpumps 222, that are used to pump water in horizontal direction tocreate, enhance or attenuate water currents 227 or deflect naturallyoccurring such as Gulf Stream 228 and these could be placed at varyingocean depths to create a desired profile of currents. These currents canbe used to force mixing for modifying surface temperatures or changingthe geographical spread of the water as required.

The energy can be also used for vertical pumps 223, which pump water invertical direction to create flow vertically for purpose of verticalmixing in terms of upwelling or down-welling 229, and churning 230 orredistributing matter and by doing this moving cooler deep water tosurface to reduce the surface temperature increase the surface densityand salinity, in effect changing the profiles 103, 104, 107 and 108 asrequired.

Another use of work done as shown in FIG. 2B is to transport thermalenergy done using closed or open cycle heat pumps 224. The heat pumpdesign described herein below, transports heat without incurring theenergy cost of transporting large amount of matter. With heat pumps thethermal energy can be moved laterally 232 to move it out of a shallowarea such as coral reefs, alternatively the heat can be moved deeperinto ocean 231 changing temperature profiles 104 & 108 thus effectivelyutilizing the full thermal capacity of ocean volume, and slowing therise of the surface sea temperature.

Another use of work done is to change the salinity profile 107 usingdevices that reduce the ionic concentration with osmotic pumps 225 toremove ions or adding salts or ionic chemicals to modify the salinity223 as desired. Since naturally the surface salinity is low, stratifyingthe surface waters, addition of salts on surface will increase thedensity of the warm waters sinking them to promote better mixing,conversely the salt can be extracted from deeper water reducing thedensity at lower depths and causing the upper waters to be more salineand denser thus promoting vertical mixing.

Another use of energy is to change the humidity 234 at the surface ofocean by using machineries such as mister (misting devices) orde-humidifiers 226. These devices by modifying the immediate vicinity ofhumidity can cause extra interaction between the ocean and theatmosphere especially layers of air right above the ocean and modify thewater content as the surface wind rises upward. These allow the couplingof energy between air and ocean to be engineered as required.

In one embodiment, the sources and machineries are all located in aphysical co-located cluster and structure referred as Control Station, afunctional embodiment of that 300 is shown in FIG. 3 . The ControlStation consists of a plurality of Power Sources 301, including thoseusing wind 302, solar 303, ocean 304, waves 305, and batteries forstorage 306. These power sources 301 through 306, are used to generateuseable energy from respective renewable resources. Such as 302 consistsof wind turbines driven to extract mechanical energy from wind andeither convert to electricity or used directly as mechanical energy.Similarly 303 converts solar energy into useable form of electrical,thermal or mechanical energy, while Ocean turbines convert ocean energy304, while wave turbines and motors convert wave energy 305, finallybatteries and storage systems are used to capture excess power for lateruse.

These power sources 301 through 306 are used to drive machineries andsystems 307, consisting of pumps 308, fans 309, heat pumps 310,radiative cooler 311, humidity control devices 312, and gas exchangers313. Pumps 308 are used to move water around to modify the thermal,salinity and density profiles or water currents. The fans 309 areturbines used in reverse to drive changes in wind patterns and affectthe mixing of atmosphere and its interaction with ocean. Heat pumps 310are used to move mainly heat from one location to another to modify thetemperature profiles vertically or horizontally. Radiative coolers 311are devices that take electrical energy and emit in infrared around 9micrometer wavelengths and thus cool by radiating the extra energy toouter space. This is because by emitting in the atmospheric absorptionwindow range of wavelength between 8 um to 10 um no absorption takesplace in the atmosphere and the radiation is directly sent to outerspace which is lot more efficient as a cooler. Humidity control devices312 such as misting and dehumidifying machines change the relativehumidity in the proximity and thus impact the interaction between theocean and atmosphere, this can be used to modify precipitation patternsand control air temperatures and winds. Similarly Gas exchangers 313,can be used to change the amount of gas interacting with oceansaffecting the coupling of energy and nature and concentrations of gasesand nutrients in the ocean impacting the biosphere. The control station300 can be used in the manner described in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B toengineer the profiles 103,104, 107 and 108 as described and also thelateral large area nature of these and other parameters. Besidestemperature, other local properties such as humidity can be controlledwith work done by misting devices or conversely dehumidifiers. Similarlyusing reverse osmosis or mixing surface waters with deeper water canchange salinity of the surface waters. Another approach would be to userenewable energy for doing work that does not heat the surface, such asdriving chemical electrolysis or other endothermic reactions, forinstance using hydrolysis for large scale hydrogen production that usesa high amount of energy, in doing so removes it from the surfaceheating. Another type of work that can be done would be to convert theenergy to infrared that is then radiated back to the deep space throughthe known atmospheric spectral window of light wavelengths between 9 to13 um!

Another key set of systems in the Control station 300 are thecommunication and computing systems 314. These systems are used tocollect the data and establish communications with a distributedinformation system via satellite communications 315 or wireless or wiredsensor network 316 and connected with other stations using underseaoptical or copper cables and other means of connectivity. In addition byusing onboard computers 318 and data storage 319 the data collected canbe validated and cross checked before and after communication andcomplete information processing done 320.

In another embodiment, the control station are engineered to be selfsufficient to deliver the functional requirements laid out in 300. Inorder to be able to work at a rate high enough to influence the localweather, or the trend and long term climate, the control stations haveto do meaningful work at a scale large enough and over durations of daysand months, thus the energy generation systems have to provide largeamount of energy. These control station are proposed to be powered byrenewable energy that can be stored using batteries, so that they canoperate for decades altogether, and to ensure that energy is not alimitation for type and quantity of the work to be done. The specificrenewable energy sources can be combination of Wind, Solar, waves, orOceanic currents, depending on location and time of the day or year. Theprimary source of power will be wind, as technology for offshorewindmills is maturing and costs are coming down to make it viable. Inaddition, winds are present near the coasts and in the open seas, thewind power across the oceans averages around 500 W/m², however dependingon the location, geography and the season. Generation at a site can bepredictably estimated and the historical information is available and inmost regions the energy from wind is plentiful for our purpose. However,there are areas where winds are not strong, one such area is in the subtropical Pacific: the infamous windless ‘doldrums’. Stations located inthese specific areas are designed to not depend on wind instead they usesolar power in combination with oceanic current and or waves. In orderto have reasonable and significant impact and to cause the requiredamount of perturbation in the local conditions, it is imperative to havesignificant amount of power. On the other hand, the engineering systemssize and design should be consistent with prevailing capabilities andsystem sizes that are commercially available. Recent designs of offshorewind platforms are targeted around 5 to 10 MW. One embodiment of thestation uses sizes of around 5 to 10 MW in size, so that the design ofturbine and platform can be similar. With these two considerations, thesystems should be sized to be around 5 to 10 MW driven by renewableenergy sources. To generate 10 MW using winds along the coast rangethere is sufficient power across the globe (500 W/m²), albeit it dependson the seasons. The data shows that in the open oceans winds are strongenough to generate most of required power from them. These winds can beintermittent and do vary significantly during the day, with differencesin ocean and air temperatures driving local changes between day andnight, these effects are strongly modulated with proximity to landmasses, yet larger changes are seen due to seasons. In terms of the sizeof the turbine itself, larger sizes allow reduction in cost of thesystem and also its operational cost with lower fraction spent onoverheads such as superstructure to hold the turbines and also circuitsfor power evacuation or station control. Industry capability trends thewind turbines of 10 MW will be possible in next decade and these can bewith 50 meters to 150 meter high masts and diameters of 50 meter to 150meter. Depending on the depth of waters different types of the platformor pedestal for the turbines are designed and used. By using large 10 MWstation the cost of these structures is better amortized for thestation.

Solar power generation is possible across most of the regions, exceptperhaps the Arctic and Antarctic; where snow cover is a concern, howeversolar is key where winds are low (doldrum latitudes). But, solar panelsrequire large areas, for instance a 1 MW plant capacity requiresminimally 6000 square meters of area. This may be possible by coveringall available surfaces of station buildings and turbine towers, or bybuilding a floating array on a pontoon or platform of say 80 m×80 m. Forlarger capacities it will be necessary to use large fields of floatingarrays. Since solar power varies with time of the day, the powergenerated can be best used in conjunction with storage, which will allowit to be dispatched when needed and used optimally.

The Gulf Stream, is a strong and nearly constant ocean current, thiscurrent and the energy in it can be used to drive underwater turbines,giving continual generation. The tapping off of the energy from thecurrent can also be used to slow it down and it doing so deflects themfrom natural course in a controllable manner. This method is also itselfbe a way to engineer a controlled method to change the local weather andcurrent energetics. For instance the ocean current turbines can beplaced off the coast of North Carolina where the Gulf Stream deviatesaway from the east coast. By ensuring the current flows closer to thecoast or away from it the local weather or long-term climate can beinfluenced. The Gulf Stream has nearly 90 GW of kinetic energy in thecurrent and this is extending along 1800 km near the coast, extractingthis kinetic energy and changing it's nature to modify the currents,humidity, air and water temperatures or winds is a powerful methodpossible.

Embodiments of the invention mainly use renewable energy sources todrive machines, pumps and heat pumps. Electricity is generated usingwind turbines, solar panels and/or ocean current turbines. The windturbines and solar power systems are built on floating pontoonsstructures, rigs or manmade islands, by combining the counteractingmechanical requirements of solar and wind structures for overall balanceand cost optimization. One embodiment of the structure for the oceanbased control station 400 is shown in FIG. 4 .A, this elevation or frontface drawing, shows a large platform 401, ranging in sizes between 50 to200 meters on each side, this rigid platform can be made using metals,wood, composite material like fiber and nanoparticle embedded matricesthat are engineered or suitably coated for marine environment. Platform401 is itself mounted on a floating rigid structure 402 which can madeusing solid frame suitable for marine environment with large hollowsections to provide buoyancy, these floating platform sits on hollowsubstructure that consist of a plurality of either separated submergedlarge floating sub-structures 403, or have multiple submerged floatingchamber sections 404. The combination of solid, floating sections andchambers are fastened to the floor using plurality of cables 405, thesecables could be consisting of twined metal ropes suitable for marinesubmersion and may consist of reinforced fiber or nanoparticle cables.The cables 405 are directly fastened to solid floor columns, piles oranchor structures 406. The floating platform 401, is rigid andstructurally stable to accommodate a windmill tower 407, on top of whichthe stator and nacelle of windmill 409 is sitting that accommodates therotor shaft which has plurality of the rotor blades 408 and also shownas 410. The tower 407 can be ranging in height from 10 meters to 200meters as required for the system design and depending on the length ofthe rotor blades 408. In conventional design the windmill towerexperiences the wind forces acting on the top of the tower and thisforce creates torque to topple the tower, this torque is counteracted byrigid support at the bottom of the tower, which is typically done withsolid connection and ballasting into ground structure. In the controlstation designed for oceans, direct solid ground structures are deep onocean floor which are connected using submerged pedestal structures thatcan be economically viable when the depths range from tens of meters toperhaps hundreds of meters deep. The structure shown in 400 consists offloating platform 401, 402 and hollow floating structures and submergedstructures 403 and 404, rigidly connected to the tower 407. When thetower 407 is tipped due to the action of forces of wind, the weight ofthe nacelle and rotor also acts to further tip the system and can toppleit over to lay down flat horizontally, in the floating deep ocean designshown the tipping of tower 407 leads to lifting of the structures 401,402, 403 and 404 and pulling on the cables 405 and anchors 406. Thus theweight of these structures acts as in a ballast to counter the torquesand forces from wind and gravity. The weight of the floating systemcannot be too high in order to ensure floatation, the torque required toprevent tipping over is assured by using large enough dimension of theplatforms, the platform can be sized to be between tens to hundreds ofmeter on a side, to counter the torque of winds and gravity of windmilltower which itself ranges between tens to hundred meters in length.

One embodiment of the windmill is shown in FIG. 4 .B.a as a side view ofthe control station structure, showing the floating structure elements401, 402, 403, 404, cables 405, and anchors 406, tower 407 with windmillconsisting of 408, 409 and 410. Here the windmill design is shown inelevation in FIG. 4 .B.b, with a large cross-section area defined by therotor lengths collecting wind energy and denoted as 4101. The windmillis designed for survival in high winds that can be expected to occurfrequently in open oceans and during storms, the high wind speed bladedesign includes additional blade support rods, purlins or beams 411 and412 that connect to the rotor blades 408 and 410 to buttress andstrengthen it during high windstorms. These buttressing rods, purlins orbeams also enable the blades 408 and 410 to be stowed in high windsexceeding some pre-determined threshold, as shown in FIG. 4 .B.c. Thestowing away or folding over of the blades 408 and 401 is done to reducethe radius effective collection area of the blades shown in FIG. 4 .B.bas smaller area 4102. By reducing the collection area from 4101 to 4102,this design reduces the nature and magnitude of forces acting on the topof structure, reducing the forces and torques which could lead totipping over of the mast, allowing reduction in costs and also increasedreliability and lifespan to outlast multiple storm and high wind forces,a factor which is important for long lasting remote control stations.

In conventional design the windmill tower experiences the wind forcesacting on the top of the tower and this force creates torque to topplethe tower, this torque is counteracted by rigid support at the bottom ofthe tower, which is typically done with solid connection and ballastinginto ground structure. In the control station designed for oceans,direct solid ground structures are deep on ocean floor which areconnected using submerged pedestal structures that can be economicallyviable when the depths range from tens of meters to perhaps hundreds ofmeters deep. In another embodiment shown in FIG. 4 .C, as a side view ofthe control station structure for deep ocean, showing the floatingstructure elements 401, 402, 403, 404, cables 405, and anchors 406,tower 407 with windmill consisting of 408, 409 410, 411 and 412. Inaddition the station has ocean turbines mounted on ocean current mast413, this keel mast 413 connects to the submerged ocean current turbineconsisting of nacelle and stator 414 and rotors 415. The ocean currentturbines extract energy from steady ocean currents seen across the globenear the western boundaries of ocean basins driven by wind and theoceanic Gyre motion due to earth's rotation. The ocean currents cansteadily generate the required renewable energy in addition the tappingoff of the energy from the current can also be used to slow it down andin doing so deflects them off their natural course. This method is alsoitself be a way to engineer a controlled method change the local weatherand current energetics, as is the intended use of the control station.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 .C, the tipping and toppling over ofthe windmill tower 407 due to wind forces and also gravity acting on thewindmill systems leads to the lifting and tilting upwards of the oceancurrent mast 413 to which it is rigidly joined, thus work has to be doneagainst the gravity acting on 413. The windmill including mast tower407, stator 409, rotors 408, 410, 411 and 412 is counterbalanced withthe ocean turbine submerged with keel mast 413 that has mounted on itheavy ocean turbine machinery 414 and 415. The counterbalancing of thewindmill tower 407 and 413 is beneficial in reducing the overturningtorque due to wind, ocean gravity acting on 401, 402, 403, 404, 405 and406 and reduces the forces on the foundation or the floating platforms,reducing cost for the required structural weight for floating platformsand also the rigidity strength of the connection between the masts 407and 413 to the platforms 401, 402, 403 and 404. Thus combining windmilland ocean turbines on the same platform, leads to more predictableenergy as the combination is taken from two separate sources, and alsoleads to reduction in overall cost of the floating generation structuredue to reduced forces and amortization over larger amount of generation.

In another embodiment shown in FIG. 4 .D the combination of windmillincluding mast tower 407, stator 409, rotors 408, 410, 411 and 412 iscounterbalanced with the ocean turbine submerged with keel mast 413 thathas mounted on it heavy ocean turbine machinery 414 and 415, with amodified structure for floating consisting of plurality of smallerplatforms 416, resting on partially submerged floatation platforms 417,rigidly connected to submerged chambers 418 and 419. The plurality ofplatforms 416, are joined to each other to form an array, where thejoints between the platforms 416 can be rigid or be chain links orcables that are allowing rotation or linear motion between the pluralityof platforms 416. FIG. 4 .D.a shows the isometric view of thearrangement showing an array of plurality of platforms 416 with masts407 and 413 rigidly mounted to the array. The rigid joint masts 407 and413 are connected to the floating array at platforms 416, 417, 418 and419. The submerged sections 419 can be solid to ensure high rigidity andstrength so as to connect to the masts and the cables 405 that ties tothe bottom piers or anchors 406. The use of plurality of platforms andsubmerged sections and chambers allows for the reduction of overall costand scalable manufacturing of the system components.

In another embodiment shown in FIG. 4 .E the combination of windmillincluding mast tower 407, stator 409, rotors 408, 410, 411 and 412 iscounterbalanced with the ocean turbine submerged with keel mast 413 thathas mounted on it heavy ocean turbine machinery 414 and 415, with amodified structure for floating consisting of plurality of smallerplatforms 416, resting on submerged floatation platforms 417, rigidlyconnected submerged chambers 418 and 419. FIG. 4 .E.a shows theisometric view of the arrangement showing an array of plurality ofplatforms 416 with masts 407 and 413 rigidly mounted to the array. Theplurality of platforms 416, are joined to each other to form an array,where the joints between the platforms 416 can be rigid or be chainlinks or cables that are allowing rotation or linear motion between theplurality of platforms 416. FIG. 4 .E,b shows the plurality of platforms416 are by the way of illustration, shown as 4161, 4162 and 4163, andwhich are jointed here allowing rotation motion using a Ball and socketjoint consisting of sockets 423 and balls 424. The ball and socket jointpermits the rotational motion of the platform 4161, 4162 and 4163relative to each other as seen in FIG. 4 .E.c, this is also possibleusing tying by cables or chain links. The relative rotation motionbetween platforms, allows the plurality of platforms 416 to conform tothe ocean surface that may have an undulating nature driven by thewaves, also the ocean surface can be rough due to heavy winds or othercurrent driven phenomena. These undulations and relative heightdifferences can be inducing large forces affecting the rigidity of theplatforms of the types 401, 402, 403 and 404, and also on an arrayconsisting of rigidly jointed platforms 4161, 4162 and 4163. Therelative rotational motion is permitted using chains, cables or ball andsocket joints. The advantage of ball and socket in comparison to simplecable or chain link jointing is that they permit only rotational motionbetween the platforms, and due to the semi-rigid nature of the jointthere is less likelihood of pairs of platforms violently colliding witheach other due to relative motion and thus eventually wearing down orbreaking due to the repeated hits or force of impact.

In another embodiment shown in FIG. 4 .F the combination of windmillincluding mast tower 407, stator 409, rotors 408, 410, 411 and 412 iscounterbalanced with the ocean turbine submerged with keel mast 413 thathas mounted on it heavy ocean turbine machinery 414 and 415, with amodified structure for floating consisting of plurality of smallerplatforms 416, resting on submerged floatation platforms 417, rigidlyconnected submerged chambers 418 and 419 that are festooned using cablesand chains 405 tied down to anchors 406. Here solar panels 420 and 421are mounted on the rigid large platform 401, 402, 403 and 404 are usedor as shown in the FIG. 4 .F on top of plurality of platforms 416, 417,418 and 419. The solar panels 420 are mounted tilted to the horizontalat angle roughly equal to the geographical latitude of the location,tilted to face North in the Southern hemisphere and South in theNorthern hemisphere. This tilted arrangement is known to optimallygenerate solar energy over the course of a year. Alternatively the solarpanels can be tilted to horizontal at some low angle ranging from 0 to10 degrees but facing East and West shown as 421, this type of tilt isknown to balance out the generation of solar energy during a regular dayby having the East facing modules generate higher in the morning, andthe West facing conversely higher in the evenings. A control station mayhave a mix of the solar panels 420 and 421 to ensure best energyavailability. The solar panels generate electricity or heat using solarenergy. Solar power generation is possible for all stations across theglobe except near the Arctic and Antarctic regions, however solar energygeneration is critical where winds are low, the so called Doldrumslatitudes or Inter-tropical Convergence Zones where there is very littlewind, running roughly 5 degrees North to 5 degrees South near theEquator. However, solar energy requires large areas for a one Mega-watt(1 MW) plant it requires around 4000 to 6000 square meters of area. Thisis possible in FIG. 4 .F by covering with solar panels all availablesurfaces of station buildings and turbine towers, or with a floatingarray on platform of dimension ranging between 80 meters to 100 meter oneach site (E-W and N-S). For larger capacities it will be necessary touse large fields of floating arrays, scaled proportionately, for a 10 MWsolar power station the array dimensions increase to 200 to 300 meterson a side. With the array consisting of plurality of smaller platforms416, this is possible by linking larger rows of such panels. If eachplatform 416 is of size 2 to 10 meters each, then the rows consist ofbetween 20 to 100 such platforms. Also shown in FIG. 4 .F is a containerand storage area 422, for electrical storage in batteries, ultracapacitors or also additional electronic generation equipment. This isneeded because the power generated by renewable sources is variableduring the day and years and can also be erratic; so to use it, it isrequired to be conditioned and best used in conjunction with storage. Inorder to deal with the variability of renewable sources and ensuresteady long-term supply of power, energy storage is key. Batterytechnology is improving rapidly, becoming denser, lighter and cheaper.Especially critical is large MW scale storage to ensure 24-houroperation smoothening out the vagaries of winds, tides and sunlight. Thecontrol stations would have to ensure sufficient storage capacity tolast out few days of no energy source ensuring critical operation aresupported. In another embodiment, the system is modified in designsuitable for local use, such as having wind turbines or solar panel farmto cover ice on the Antarctic to shade the field from direct sunlight,thus preventing of melting due to the sunlight, while the energygenerated is used to drive heat pumps to cool the warm waters below, orusing seawater pumps to overturn warm waters away from ice. In somecases by using electricity generated from solar or ocean currents, windturbines can also be driven in reverse to be used as a fan to generatewind as desired for local weather modification.

Embodiments of the invention may achieve a surface sea temperature (SST)is a key factor determining the local weather and in general short andlong-term climatic conditions. The way to control SST and mixing ofOceans, which may assist to slow down the immediate temperature rise andclimatic change. FIG. 5 shows the control station functional purpose toengineer interactions between Ocean and Atmosphere. The functionaldescription 500, consists of Atmosphere 501 and Ocean 502, with thesystem to engineer controlled interactions 503. The parameters forAtmosphere consist of wind speed and height profiles 504, relativehumidity and precipitation rates 505, and the temperature heightprofiles 506. The oceanic parameters are ocean currents with their depthprofiles 517, salinity profile 518, vertical currents both upward anddownward welling 519 and finally the temperatures 520 both the SST andthe depth profile. The control stations engineer additional interactions503, between the ocean and atmosphere including enhanced wind oceancoupling 507, energy transfer 508, and mass transfer 512. Naturally thetransfer of motion and energy between wind and ocean is very inefficientdue to the difference in viscosities of the two fluids and also smoothinterface that exists most of the time, this coupling between the windand ocean can be directly enhanced 507 by using windmills to drive theocean currents or vice versa the additional wind or ocean energy canalso be used to modify the other parameters as required. Energy transfer508 can be in the forms of direct kinetic energy by enhancing motion509, or driving turbulent churning 510 or simply in form of heataddition or removal 511. The mass transfer 512 between ocean andatmosphere can be enhanced and controlled by using various machines toforce air through the ocean to create bubbles 513 which lead to bettergas absorption by the ocean water, conversely water from ocean can besprayed into the air increasing local evaporation 514 this can increaseor change the humidity 515 on the surface which can get convected toother parts of atmosphere with vertical and horizontal winds. Thebubbles 513 and spraying 514 can also be used to control the gasexchange of atmospheric gases such as Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbondioxide, impacting their local and large area concentrations to impactthe atmospheric properties over the long term.

As shown in FIG. 6 the surface sea temperature is reduced by movement ofheat away from the surface, and is done by using pumps either directlyto move seawater where warm water is moved deeper into cold oceans ormore likely colder deeper water is moved to the surface. The pumpingsystem 600 is used to control the profiles of temperature and densitieswith depth as shown in 601 with temperature 610 and density 611, andsalinity also which is not shown here. The seawater pumps are used foroperation in ocean at varying depths for current modification withamplification where the inline pumps work laterally 602 increasing theflow in the direction of natural current, or inline pumps oppose theflow as in 603 attenuation of natural current or causing turbulence inshapes of eddies, or the lateral pumping acts horizontal giving sidewarddeflection of currents on the surface as shown in 604. Or the pumps areoperating vertically forcing downward or sinking the water from surface605. Similar to the surface pumps there are deeper water pumps designedfor changing flow strength either inline 606, opposing 607, or lateraldeflection 608, or vertically perpendicular 609. These pumps are placedat different depths to influence overall structural flow ofthermoclines, haloclines and pycnoclines and can be used for verticallymix thermocline layers in ocean and then used to control the surfacewater temperature and salinity. Each pump set can be designed forchanging flow strength to be either inline, opposing, or perpendicularas required dynamically. The pumps can also be mobile so as to move toareas of interest and can also be spatially separated out far fromgeneration location, to increase the area of influence of the controlstation on the surrounding ocean.

A simple apparatus to move heat down into ocean depths would be apassive heat exchanger designed to take heat from the surface of theocean into lower depths based solely on thermodynamics and heat flow.This could consist of heat exchanger tube mesh or net near the top 10 mof surface and a solid rod or piped connection to another heat exchangermesh at depths around 1000 meters. These two meshes would be connectedvia metallic cylinders or tubes that conduct heat from the hottersurface down to the colder realms of lower depths. The heat exchangerwould conduct the heat from surface to the lower depths and reduce thetemperature on surface by doing so. Calculations are shown here for 1square kilometer of Open ocean area. Taking the case of the transfer ofheat from ocean surface down to depths of 1000 m where the temperaturesare lesser than 5° C. The radiation incident on equatorial surface is1000 W/sq-m during daylight but averages to around 340 W/sq-m over theglobe (or in 24 hours at a location). For one square kilometer thistranslates to 340 MW of incident radiation, we now assume that roughly10% of it is absorbed by Ocean surface. That means we have to move awayroughly 34 MW of heat away from the surface to avoid heating. If we wereto design mesh heat exchangers at the top and bottom, and used thermalconduction to connect them across 1000 m depth, the requiredcross-sectional area for Copper tubing would be 4.5 sq-km, that is 4.5times the total area available. If we used Monel, an alloy that willavoid corrosion in the seawater, the required area is 65 sq km! Clearlythe simple metal tubing connected heat exchanger will not even work forconducting 10% of the incident heat. Conversely assuming even theunrealistic design of using the full square-kilometer of area we cantheoretically only conduct perhaps 2% of the heat with Copper and only0.15% with Monel.

Another method shown in FIG. 7 would to be use closed cycle heat pumpsthat move a thermic fluid to carry the heat; the thermic processtransports high heat capacity so a smaller volume has to be pumpedaround. Heat pumps are preferred because of their energy efficiency tomove the heat from the surface to deeper ocean or away from meltingarctic ice or to counter the heating of coral reef surface. The heatpump 700 shown in FIG. 7 consists of the surface heat exchanger tubenetwork 701, which absorbs energy from the surface seawater reducing thesurface sea temperature, this heat is used to evaporate a thermic fluidwhich is being pumped out through a pressure control valve 702 by avacuum pump 703. The low pressure pump 703 is sucking out the thermicfluid from the heat exchanger 701 and causing fluid evaporation andremoval of heat of evaporation from surface and thus moving the heatdown through insulated piping 704 from where it is moved to the lowerdepths of the ocean using second stage pumping 705, that extracts thefluid and compresses it to higher pressure through the one way valve706. The compressed thermic liquid condenses in the exchanger tube mesh707 releasing its heat of condensation in the desired colder oceandepths, from where the liquefied thermic fluid is pulled out bydeep-water pumps 708 which pumps it to the top surface through insulatedpipes 709 with flow control valve 710, extra thermic liquid is stored inreservoir 711, from where it is pumped using surface pumps 712 expandingthe fluid volume into the heat exchanger tube mesh 701 where the lowpressure leads to the evaporation of the liquid into gas and completingthe closed loop for the thermic fluid.

Thus the apparatus 700 shown in FIG. 7 is used which consists of a largearea mesh of tubes conducting the surface thermic fluid, using thisfluid the heat from surrounding sea water is transferred through thethermally conducting tube walls into the thermic fluid carried insidethe tubes. This is extending the concept of heat pipe or a closed loopheat engine cycle. Here we use the mesh 701 and 707 at the differentdepths for exchanging heat with surrounding water, but use hollowinsulated pipes 704 and 709 (or use metal lined concrete to reduce cost)that allow a thermic fluid to be piped from surface to the desireddepths. It is this thermic fluid that moves the heat from surfacecollecting heat at one end, and transporting and releasing it at theother end, as is done in a refrigerator or heat pump. In this case, theheat exchanger on surface 701, which is the hot end of the pipe, will beused as an evaporator absorbing the heat as latent heat of evaporationof the fluid. This hot fluid is pumped down where it is compressed andcondenses releasing the heat to the deeper waters via another exchanger709. Valves 702 and 706 ensure one way flows, while pumps 703, 705 arecreating low pressure vacuum ensuring evaporation of fluid, while liquidpumps 708 and 712 control the flow in liquid form. Pumps 705 and 708 arespecially designed so they can be placed in deep ocean waters, whilepumps 703 and 712 are placed near the surface of the ocean. Insulatedpipes 704 and 709 allow unimpeded fluid flow. The liquid flow controlvalve 710 along with reservoir 711 allows continual flow. The amount offluid to be pumped is determined by the total heat to be transporteddivided by the latent heat of evaporation. One embodiment uses water asthe fluid, mainly because of safety in case of leakage also it has veryhigh latent heat of vaporization that is roughly 2440 kJ/kg. Therelevant properties of water for the temperature range are given below

Water Saturation properties at temperature Temperature ° C. 25 10 5 2 °C. Saturation bar a 0.032 0.0123 0.0087 0.0071 bar a pressure Satpressure 101.325 3211.7 1244.5 884.1 715.3 101.325 Pascal kPa kPa LiquidEnthalpy kJ/kg 104.8 42.0 21.0 8.4 kJ/kg Density kg/m3 997.0 999.7 999.9999.9 kg/m3 Volume for 1 kg m3 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 m3 EntropykJ/kgK 0.37 0.15 0.08 0.03 kJ/kgK Vapour Vapour enthalpy kJ/kg 2546.52519.2 2510.1 2504.6 kJ/kg Vapour density kg/m3 0.0231 0.0094 0.00680.0056 kg/m3 Volume for 1 kg m3 43.34 106.31 147.02 179.76 m3 VapourEntropy kJ/kgK 8.56 8.90 9.02 9.10 kJ/kgK Energy d(PV) Gas 1000 139.2132.3 130.0 128.6 kPa-m3 = Pumping Energy Pa-m3 = kJ/kg kJ/kgEvaporation kJ/kg 2441.7 2477.2 2489.1 2496.2 kJ/kg energy

In order to be able to conduct the 34 MW of heat given the latent heatof vaporization as 2440 kJ/kg, we need to evaporate water at the rate of˜13.9 kg/s. The required water flow at 25° C. is about 15 liters/s or911 standard liters per minute. For the water to boil at 25° C., it hasto be under vacuum of lesser than 3000 Pascals, which is achieved byusing vacuum pump 703 that moves the vapors towards the cold end throughpipes 704, using second stage pump 705 which pushes the fluid throughone way valve 706, the where the vapors are compressed and condensedback into liquid at temperatures lesser than 5° C. Theevaporation-condensation cycle is done in a closed loop system likeshown in FIG. 7 . The evaporator is near the surface at temperaturesgreater than 20° C., while the condenser is deeper down in the oceanwith temperatures below 5° C. The corresponding volume of the steam is43000 times bigger at 25 C so it is 603 cu-m/s or 36 million standardliters per minutes! If the steam is moving at speeds around 10 metersper second this requires cross section area of 60 square meters, butthat area can be as low as 15 square meters if the steam speed isincreased to 40 m/s. To have this cross-sectional area requires adiameter of 4.4 m at 25 C and this diameter increases to requirement of8 m diameter at the bottom near the compressor where temperatures areclose to 5° C. We now estimate some of the key components of work doneto move the fluid in the closed cycle. The first component of therequired work to be done, is the work done by a vacuum pump to removethe vapor out from evaporator, where in case of an ideal scenario thework done is given by thermodynamic calculation of d(PV)/dt. In thiscase with calculated energy of 130 to 140 kJ/kg for the 14 kg/s waterflow the work required is on the order of 2 MW, accounting forfrictional losses and taking realistically achievable efficiencies weassume that required work could be as high as 5 to 6 MW. The Secondcomponent of work, accounts for pressure loss due to finite conductanceof the pipes, that is given roughly C=(πd³)/(128η/) where ConductanceC=Q/(ΔP)=Q/(P₂−P₁). To keep this pressure drop low, which will affectthe work done by pump and compressor it is important to increase thediameter of the pipes. This is a trade-off between material used formaking the pipes broader or the work to be done for pumping. For now weestimate this extra work to be doubling the amount of power needed, sowe estimate the needed power to be 10 MW! Finally, there is additionalwork done in compressing the vapors to liquid and then to move theliquid water back to the surface for evaporation under vacuum. The workrequired to move the 1 liter/s of water by about 1000 meters is roughly10 kW, therefore to move 15 liters/second, requires only 150 kW ofpower. Therefore for one square kilometer of surface area and remove 34MW of heat on average, with realistic efficiencies, we estimate need for10 MW of power for pumping the fluid in the closed cycle systemextending over 1000 m depth. In summary using a heat pipe like engineand efficient heat exchanger to remove 34 MW heat from surface foraffecting a 1° C. change, we have to pump about 15 liter/second of waterand expend about 10 MW of power to do that. The Coefficient OfPerformance (COP) is therefore in the range of 3 to 4. This is far moreefficient than direct pumping of water to cool by 1° C., that requires57 TW of power, the heat pump methodology gives an improvement of over afactor of over 1000!

As shown in FIG. 8 , a global network of sensor arrays 800 is used tomeasure and collect data over large area of properties such as windspeeds & direction temperature, salinity, current flow directions andmeasuring these parameters extending the information in verticaldirections to get height & depth profiles, key parameters will becollected both for Oceans 802 and Atmosphere 801. Currently there aresome systems in operation such as those using bathymetric cruises, ordrifter buoys that transmit information out to Argos satellite, thatdata is collated and analyzed by many governmental agencies such asNOAA, however since these drift around the globe the data is never fromthe same location. These systems established and deployed so far havetended to be sparse in terms of density or total numbers and temporaryboth in terms of being stationed at a location for long or survival of anode for long periods. In order to be able to model, predict and controlweather, a large volume of data with long historical trends andsystematic analysis is required. This requires thousands of nodes withsensors that are consistently designed and programmed to collectcoordinated vital information. In one embodiment fixed nodes 800 aresited on platforms or man-made islands in open sea to collect data forAtmosphere 801 and Oceans 802 that have a cluster of sensors 804 foratmosphere and 807 for Oceans, these clusters are designed to beresilient and with built in redundancies 805 and 808, to ensurecontinual valid data. The sensors are designed to collect multiple datato give height profile 803 for the air parameters and depth profile 806for the waters. Additionally the control stations 300 have tools withcommunication systems 314, linked together to transmit and receiveinformation. Each control stations monitors velocity 820 of atmosphereand ocean water, ocean currents are measured using hydrophones 821 andspecial clusters to characterize eddies 822 separating out translationalvelocity from the eddy rotational components. Atmospheric pressure 809is measured using plurality of barometers 812, temperature of atmosphere810 is measured using plurality of thermometers 813, similarlytemperatures of ocean 817 is measured with submerged thermometers 818.Station also measures the humidity 811 at heights using hygrometers 814,and salinity 815 at different depths using ionic concentrationmeasurement tools 816. Chemical analysis will measure the Gasconcentrations 819. All these parameters as a function of temperatureand pressure will be collected on the surface and at variouspredetermined depths and heights. The system will have multiple clustersof thermometers, anemometers, salinity measurements, hygrometers,hydrophones and ocean current measurement sensors which are festoonedand hanging via cables to collect information from different depths andtransmitting via a satellite communication 315, mesh network 316, andcables 317 for coordinated collection and collation for real timeoffline analysis using onboard system 318, 319 and 320. The sensor nodeswith automated calibration and operational modes, communicate with basestations or between the various stations in a mesh using wireless orwired network 316. The collected data is collated at the edge usingcomputers and storage 318 and 319 and at centers of network to allowlocal data validation and crosschecking then is stored in specializeddistributed database.

In another embodiment, regular information is processed from the Controlsensors. This is shown in FIG. 9 as information processing system 900,which has the Sensor system 901, Data collection 902 and Informationprocessing 903. Sensors 901 have built in testing routines 904 to ensurecorrect operation of sensor systems, and ensure self-calibration 905 ofsensor ensuring correctness of the data. Any failure of test routinesmay bring in use of backup systems as the design necessarily usesredundant 906 sub-systems and by doing so it ensures resilient operation907 that means long term operation with minimal maintenancerequirements. The data collected 902 is then processed as a highfrequency time series 908, which is then processed to identify signalsfor specific events 909, and this is ensured with appropriatestatistical validation 910 of the occurrence of signals. Datasanitization is performed in the local regions with cross checkingacross clusters on a control station 911 and across control stations912, the data is then collated across the network 913 and indexing andlabeling and data synthesis performed to provide 4D (space+time) GIS forvariables of interest along with their key statistics. Physics basedtime series evolution models are extracted and the key parameters alsoshared to ensure correctness and validity of the signals.

In a further embodiment, the array of control stations are spread acrossthe globe and the functioning of their machines and pumps coordinatedacross long distances. By using an array of large number of pumps ordevices the system can affect large areas while each device distributedin the array is impacting practical size of power (5 to 20 MW) or area(one to ten square kilometer), as shown in FIG. 10 as a table 1000 withcolumns 1001 to 1013 and rows 1014 to 1021. Each element or cell in thearray breaks down the problem of control to its local region ofinfluence, which interacts with the neighbouring cells that maycoordinate with it to amplify or nullify the impact as desired. Cellsare identified here as (Row, Column) as illustrated (1014, 1001) and(1015, 1002) both of which have “X” entry are both increasing aparameter for instance the ocean current, while cell (1014, 1003) withentry “O”, opposes the flow. The white area in the array has mostlyentries “X” while the gray area has entries of “O”. By coordinatingmultiple cells the gray areas can oppose and shut down a flow whilewhite area can increase flow in the channel to increase thelocalization. With such coordination the overall impact can be muchbigger impact and longer term. Thus the magnitude and direction of workof each cell is coordinated by control of each station in the array tomodify the ensemble as a whole. Similarly the long-term trend isimpacted and controlled by sequence of designed temporal perturbations

In yet another embodiment, the global placement of the machines in thearray on the open seas is designed, so as to be most efficacious andthis is done by using gridding patterns, densities and algorithms asdeveloped in numerical computing FIG. 11 . The series of monitoringnodes will be strung together in a network for monitoring the oceans, asan example in the South Pacific, the physical layout of network can beas simple as a rectangular array arrangement covering wide swathes ofcoastline and open oceans as shown in FIG. 11 . This array ofdata-points can be combined in sophisticated GIS models to make acomplete descriptive model of the ocean, with 3D data set available now,significantly refined over the current state with higher resolution andmore types of data compilation and real time computation.

In another embodiment since the interest is to collect relevant dataespecially in areas where fast changes are a-priori known to occur, thegrid design can be denser near these locations, much like triangulargrid designs used in setting up 3-D computer numerical solutions,wherein the grid get optimized to extract maximal information. FIG. 12.a shows a representation of ocean currents across the globe, to be moreeffective the placement of grid points would be to capture moreinformation with denser grid points in areas where the most changes incurrents are visible on the plot. Here much denser grid will be off mostof the coastlines. This approach for placement of the arrays is toleverage crucial geographical areas, typically boundaries between seaand land, which naturally have big impact on weather and climate, forinstance the ocean currents such as Gulf Stream, Kuriosho and otherssuch as the wind driven convergence currents impacting El Nino. Thearrays are placed to specifically target and modifying these flows i.e.strengthening, weakening or deflecting the flows and in doing so theseflows are used to amplify the work done by machines in the array FIG. 12.a. The densest portions will be near East Coast of USA, NE coast ofBrazil, North Sea, Japanese East cost, near the fast moving Guineacurrents, Australian East and South Coast etc. Essentially more gridswill along the coasts with noted fast moving currents next to them. Theareas of open oceans have less fast moving changes and thus can workwell with sparser gridding & less density of control stations.

In another embodiment in addition to control stations arranged as perFIG. 12 .a they can be arrayed to address areas of cyclogenesis ofstorms such as Hurricane/Typhoon. Critical placement of control stationsarrays is where the storm paths tend to converge and concentrate, asshown in FIG. 12 .b, especially where they build up in the subtropics,such as near the Tenerife Islands marked as 1201, Caribbean 1202,Florida 1203, and Gulf of Mexico 1204, and other areas around the globesuch as Hawaii, Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia, Korea, and AndamanIslands in Bay of Bengal.

In another embodiment shown in FIG. 13 .a, the overall data system 1300,consists of the monitoring network that provides invaluable data logginginformation about the state of the ocean 1301, this raw data issynthesized 1302 to extract maximal information about history andexpected future behavior, enhanced modeling 1303 is then used allowingprediction of expected future behavior. These numerical modelsimulations use the data collection of wind, surface temperature overlarge areas to refine numerical weather prediction. These simulationmodels are then calibrated against historical and episodic data, andrefined based on the derived fits. The prediction algorithms 1304 arethen used with designed engineered forcing perturbations deployedthrough the array of control stations 1305. Experimental data from thearray is collected 1301, and the information fed forward, including thestep of synthesizing the results of predictions that are compared to theexperimental observations resulting from the forced perturbations, thuscompleting the information feedback loop for further refining thealgorithms. As shown in FIG. 13 .b, the data logging using sensorNetwork 1301, which have required instrumentations 13011 withcalibration 130111 and operation 130112 resilience, these sensorscommunicate 13012 between nodes 130121 (control stations) and node tobase 130122 at central location, the database 13013 local to the controlstation consists of routines to sanitize the data 130131 and collate theinformation 130132. The data then goes through a data synthesis process1302, where 4D-GIS data 13021 is organized and the key statistics 13022are processed. Data synthesis 1302 is very important so as to quicklyand efficiently extract vital information.

For instance the large amount of raw data collected is processed andsynthesized into a useable form of four dimensional geospatialInformation System (4D GIS) showing evolution with time of globalvariables of interest.

For this to be meaningful key summary statistics are computed andavailable enabling easy visualization and analysis. The synthesized datais input to the Modeling 1303, which uses enhanced Numerical WeatherPrediction 13031 including couple Ocean-Atmosphere global 130311modeling with the key model parameters extracted 130312 from past epochsand Global climate 130313 predicted.

Modeling of the system and the behavior of the Global climate is theheart of this system, which is based on enhanced Numerical WeatherPrediction (NWP). NWP captures state of art models of Global climate andweather systems with sophisticated physical models for interactionbetween Ocean and Atmosphere via parameters such as wind velocity,humidity, pressure, ocean and atmosphere coupling etc. The models areparameterized with coefficients such as energy interaction terms thatcan be varied to fit the observed physical phenomena. One embodimentconsists of improving Numerical Weather Prediction by sharing extensivefine-grained data from all the stations, that is combined in ahierarchical fashion using local data and its time evolution and summingit for wider area of model. There are a number of global climatemodeling and prediction tools in use today, in one aspect of thisinvention, these NWP models are enhanced incorporating in to the systemthe concept of an array of control station designed to change localparameters so to controllably changer or engineer perturbation andforcing at the nodes and using the array, much larger areas. The NWP isused to reanalyze historical data 13032 with initial conditions inputfrom past information 130321 and predictions of model are compared toactual evolution of the weather 130322, this process allows thecalibration of the key parameters used in NWP 130323. Thus, thenumerical modeling simulations use the data collection of wind, surfacetemperature over large areas to refine numerical weather prediction.These simulation models are then calibrated against historical andepisodic data, and refined based on the derived fits. The modeling thenis used to provide predictions 13033, which are calibrated withinformation at hand 130331. Since, Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) iserror prone due to importance of small errors accumulating duringpredictive simulations, as a result 4 Dimensional variation analyses areused in conjunction with ensemble simulations with adaptive observationsto check on evolution of the most likely scenarios. The dense gridproposed here will enable better predictions and observations furtherimproving the predictions. These predictions however still depend on theunfolding of natural processes, which are chaotic, and can vary theresults significantly depending on interaction of multiple processes andfactors. The predictions dictate the choice of forcing done using theControl Network 1304, that uses the Control Stations 13041 to modifylocal conditions 130411 and characterize the response 130412 in realtime, this is done across a large area 13042 with coordinated networkresponse 130421 to observe meso i.e. tens of kilometers and global scalechanges 130422. The time evolution 13043 of the response is observed toseparate the transient changes 130431 from the desired long-term trends130432.

The prediction algorithms 1305 are then used with designed controlledperturbations deployed through the array of control stations. Thealgorithm contains information processing 13051 to ensure right set oftargets are set for the future 130511, with the measurable impactquantified 130512 and feedback loop 130513 completed on the controlstations with finer grained shorter term information to ensure actionsare as desired. The impact of a control setting is characterized withhistorical and real-time learning and this is used to define theprediction system with Machine Learning so as to evolve the controls130521 appropriately to induce the right amount of impact, also thislearning is used to control and modify the prediction model 130522itself using real settings on Control station and measuring the impactof physical control array settings. The results of predictions are thencompared to the experimental observations that result from the forcedperturbations in 1301, thus completing the information feedback loop forfurther refining the algorithms 1305.

FIG. 13 .c shows another embodiment with interconnected learning cycle,Data Logging 1301 is important for the large volume of data, this datais synthesized 1302 information being fed-forward as a relationshipdenoted 1312, both 1301 and 1302 are used for Modeling 1303 theserelationships are shown 1313 and 1323 respectively. The output from 1303is fed via 1334 into control algorithms 1304, which engineers theforcing 1305 via modeled relationship 1345 and that produces a new setof data 1301 via function 1351. In addition there are relationshipsbetween the data logging 1301 and synthesis 1302, where the synthesizeddata or models may drive collection of additional data denoted as 1321,or in case of engineered forcing 1305 driving some additional datacollection 1351. Data synthesis 1302, also accounts for the informationfrom modeling and controller algorithms by relationships shown as 1332.The modeling is affected by Data 1313, Synthesis 1323, Algorithms 1343.The relationships for controller algorithm allow it to learn from Data1314, Synthesized information 1324, Modeling 1334, and engineeredforcing 1354. The forcing chosen 1305 are affected by data 1315,synthesized information 1325, modeling 1335, and algorithm 1345. Theoverall system has multiple feedback and feed-forward informationsubsystems allowing dynamic and speedy response, learning andmodification of the characteristics.

One embodiment of the numerical weather simulation and prediction systemis shown FIG. 14 .a. As the data is collected from the array of controlstations, those are spread over a large area and globally have a largenumber of distributed control and logging stations, the modeling use analgorithm of distributed data collection that interact with each usingdedicated computing resources and modeling is centered around eachcontrol station, shown as an array of plurality of cells with someexamples cells marked as 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423 and 1424.The data used consists of data from atmosphere collected usingsatellites and radars 1401, along with balloons to collect heightprofile of parameters 1402, combined with surface 1403 and Ocean depthdata 1404, consolidated as a complete set 1405 which is available at aparticular time t0. This rich dataset is tracked and its natural changewith time collected 1406 as actual weather evolution, to finally arriveat a similarly detailed consolidated dataset 1407 at time t1. Thedataset 1405 is mapped into a numerical weather cell 1408 which is thensimulated using physical model of ocean and atmosphere interactionwithin the cell and exchanging mass and energy with plurality of cellseither adjoining or at an influence distance away in both in spatialdistance and in time. The numerical modeling is used to simulate andpredict 1411 the evolution to give simulated cell 1412. The simulatedcell 1412 is compared the actual data set 1407, at time t1, thedifference in simulation to observation is then used to refine the NWPmodels 1414, in another aspect the dynamic algorithms will evolve usingdistributed machine learning and deep learning methods 1410 to predictthe future state and similarly the comparison of state predicted at timet1 1412 to actual data at t1 1407 is then used to refine the predictivecapabilities. The system then partially resets to start the loop againat t1 beginning with the dataset at t1 1407 used to define the cellstate t1 1417 and predict state at t2 and so on and so forth.

In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 14 .b. the consolidated data 1425at time t0 is modified by using the engineered perturbation 1426,leading to immediate effect 1427, which naturally settles and evolves tostate 1436 at time t1 with consolidated data. The impact of perturbation1426 is modeled 1431 to give the perturbation 1429 and modeled state1430, the prediction is done using 1432 a ocean & atmosphere coupledmodel based on physics and with appropriate numerical methodology and1433 a composite artificial intelligence and machine learning model. Theimpact of engineered perturbations 1429 and time evolution is modeled1431 to give simulated state 1438 at time t1. The difference 1437between simulated state 1438 and consolidated data at t1 1436 is used torefine the models 1433 and 1432. The distributed algorithms simulate,predict, coordinate and control response across the array over largerdistance and longer times that are engineered to guide the weather andclimate to a desired state.

In another embodiment shown in FIG. 15 , heat pumps are used to cool offthe surface water temperatures of tropical corral reefs and thuscontrolling the temperature and acidity to ensure survival of the reef.The figure shows deep ocean water 1501 to the East (right side offigure) of reef lagoon 1502, with relatively deeper coastal water 1503that separates the reef from the coast. The actual reef consists of manysmall clusters 1504 or larger one 1505, with lagoon boundaries definedby barrier reef 1507 or fringing reefs 1506, the prevailing oceancurrent 1508 is shown coming from North-West (the exemplar reef beingshown is in the southern hemisphere, so equatorial warm waters come fromNorth). For the specific reef the renewable energy control stationspecifically the solar array can be placed near the North West end ofthe reef, shown as platform with solar panels 416 with windmill tower407 and ocean current keel mast 413, the location is optimal in so faras that is the direction from where the warm currents are flowing infrom. Thus by cooling the incoming water, the temperature control can bemore effective! The reef control station uses solar and wind energy topump heat away from the coral reef and shoals into the deeper ocean coldwater. FIG. 15 shows the design details for an exemplar reef, with theheat pump shown consists of the surface heat exchanger tube network 701,extending and connected underneath the solar panel array structure 1509,701 absorbs energy from the surface seawater reducing the surface seatemperature, this heat is used to evaporate a thermic fluid which isbeing pumped out through a pressure control valve 702 by a vacuum pump703. The low pressure pump 703 is sucking out the thermic fluid from theheat exchanger 701 and causing fluid evaporation and removal of heat ofevaporation from surface and thus moving the heat down through insulatedpiping 704 from where it is moved to the open and deeper ocean area1501, using second stage pumping 705, that extracts the fluid andcompresses it to higher pressure through the one way valve 706. Thecompressed thermic liquid condenses in the exchanger tube mesh 707 withextension shown as 1501, where the thermic fluid in heat exchanger isreleasing its heat of condensation in the desired colder ocean depths,from where the condensed thermic fluid is pulled out by deep-water pumps708 which pumps it to the top surface through insulated pipes 709 withflow control valve 710, extra thermic liquid is stored in reservoir 711,from where it is pumped using surface pumps 712 expanding the fluidvolume into the heat exchanger tube mesh 701 where the low pressureleads to the evaporation of the liquid into gas and completing theclosed loop for the thermic fluid. The exemplar reef shown is roughly0.5 sq. km shallow reef waters 1502 that are roughly 35 to 60 m in depthand the total area is 2 sq. km including lagoon up till fringing reefs.The coastal waters 1503 are between 100 to 200 m in depths, while forthe deep ocean water 1501 depending on the proximity to the continentalshelf the depth quickly falls off to over 1000 m in a distance of fewkilometers. To remove the additional incident heat of 1 W/square-m from2 square km, that means an average of 2 MW of additional heat has to beremoved, i.e. 48 MWh of energy removal. The heat pump capacity to dothis heat removal is chosen assuming a worst case Coefficient ofPerformance COP of roughly 2, the heat pump system will thus requireit's driving power of to be roughly 1 MW i.e. it will require energy ofroughly 24 MWh! Although realistically the heat engine cycle COP of 3 to4 are possible and with optimal engineering the COP can be much highercloser to 5! Assuming only solar renewable energy is used to generate 24MWh this requires installation of 5 MW solar capacities. If the power istaken only from solar array laid flat on the surface of ocean, the 5 MWwill require about 35,000 square meters, which is about 1.67% of thetotal reef area. The shading of waters due to solar array alsocontributes positively to the overall goal of reducing the heating viathe mechanism “Passive shading cooling”. The impact of this covered areais to proportionately reduce the heating of the reef waters by roughly1% reduction in collected energy which translates to average reductionby 0.6 W/sq-m, since only 20% of sunlight on solar panels is convertedto electricity and the rest 80% of heat corresponding to 2.4 W/sq-m isstill collected by the modules. Yet the shading of water is in itselftowards the desired goal of cooling, using solar array therefore isbeneficial in both passive and active manner, it can be argued thatsolar capacity of only 2 MW instead of full 5 MW, is required forcooling this coral reef. However, in case of non-solar renewable energyis derived from windmills then the full capacity of 2 MW would berequired. The deep ocean is several kilometers (5 to 10 km) away, soinstead of transporting the heat vertically directly into shallow watersthe exchanger moves heat laterally to deeper areas and then releases theheat at lower depths. The work needed to move the vapor in the pipes iscommensurately higher to overcome frictional losses, a total Renewableenergy power of between 2 MW to 5 MW ought to be enough to allow coolingof the surface reef waters and thus enable protection of the coral frombleaching out due to high temperatures. With heat pump COP of 5 thisrequirement for renewable energy sources reduces to between 0.5 to 2 MW!As another example is of taking the coral reefs for the Bahamas, whichhave an area of roughly 2500 square km, the extra heat to be removed isroughly 2 GW to 5 GW and this will require renewable energy sourcesbetween 500 MW to 2 GW. Instead if the cooling were to be done bypumping and mixing colder seawater we would require 100 GW to 300 GWpower to pump from deep ocean, which is higher by a factor of 50 to 100.For the global coral reef areas of roughly 3×10⁵ square km (3×10¹¹ sq.meters), this means removal of roughly 300 GW of heat, assuming theefficiency of this heat removal is similar to the example above, werequire renewable energy sources of around 100 GW for heat pumping,compared to 1 to 3 TW with pumping of seawater if direct mixing of waterwas done. Using steam heat engine cycle is much more efficient thandirect pumping and mixing of water, also note in all these cases theheat pump is moving heat from a hotter area to a cooler end, this is thedirection of natural heat flow and also the engine cycle makes it muchmore efficient, pessimistically COP of 3 to 4 are possible, in realitywith optimal engineering the COP can be much higher closer to 5 to 10!

FIG. 16 shows another embodiment where heat pumps are used to cool thewaters lapping the underside of Arctic and Antarctic ice shelves. Themelting of Arctic and Antarctic Ice is rapidly increasing mainly due tohigher temperatures of the atmosphere and but significantly due to thewarm circumpolar deep water with its temperature slowly increasing. Theice-shelf 1600 is sitting on top of the ground but a large amount ofice-shelf extends onto the ocean, which is buttressed by ice 1601.However the warm water 1603 lapping under the ice shelf is melting thebuttress 1601, leading to calving or breaking off of the ice 1602. Thecontinual melting and removal of buttress 1601 by calving process 1602,leads to the formation of unstable cliffs that continue to melt and fallat faster pace due to warm waters 1603.

Conventional heat pumps can be operated using renewable generatedelectricity, to move heat out from colder region to the hotter areas.These heat pumps can be used to cool the water lapping on the undersideof Arctic ice, keeping that portion stable and offsetting any tendencyto melt due to higher water temperatures. The embodiment shows the useof plurality of renewable energy based control stations 400, with windturbines on towers 407, blades 408 and 410 and nacelle 409 with statorand motors. These turbines collect energy from wind to run heat pumpsthat are used to cool the water lapping the underside of the ice-shelf,the heat pump consists of the surface heat exchanger tube network 701,extending and connected underneath the solar panel array structure 1509,701 absorbs energy from the surface seawater reducing the surface seatemperature, this heat is used to evaporate a thermic fluid which isbeing pumped out through a pressure control valve 702 by a vacuum pump703. The low pressure pump 703 is sucking out the thermic fluid from theheat exchanger 701 and causing fluid evaporation and removal of heat ofevaporation from surface and thus moving the heat down through insulatedpiping 704 from where it is moved to the open and deeper ocean area1501, using second stage pumping 705, that extracts the fluid andcompresses it to higher pressure through the one way valve 706. Thecompressed thermic liquid condenses in the exchanger tube mesh 707 withextension shown as 1501, where the thermic fluid in heat exchanger isreleasing its heat of condensation in the desired colder ocean depths,from where the condensed thermic fluid is pulled out by deep-water pumps708 which pumps it to the top surface through insulated pipes 709 withflow control valve 710, extra thermic liquid is stored in reservoir 711,from where it is pumped using surface pumps 712 expanding the fluidvolume into the heat exchanger tube mesh 701 where the low pressureleads to the evaporation of the liquid into gas and completing theclosed loop for the thermic fluid. The heat extracted would be pushedout into deeper colder water currents. The cooling of the waters can bedone with single renewable energy stations of 10 MW generating roughly50 MWh energy per day, which would allow on the order of 100 MWh i.e.3600 Mega-Joules or more of heat to be removed, this would save roughly10 Tons of buttressing ice every day. Although this number may lookssmall, but it important to recognize the benefit of avoiding thiscalving leads to slowing down of the crevassing and calving process,slowing down and avoiding the melting of perhaps tens times largeramount of ice being pushed into the sea. With appropriate engineeringspecific to the coastal area a number of coordinated stations canpotentially stave off melting of critical ice-shelves. In addition, thetotal northward ocean heat transport due to Atlantic meridionaloverturning circulation is estimated to be 500 GW, not all of this makesit way to the Arctic, also only the recent extra amount has to beaddressed, which is today roughly 0.3% increase on an average (1 W/sqincrease in 340 W/sq). Thus, the additional ocean heat content toaddress is roughly 2 GW! Use of the heat pump methods allows this to becontrolled with lesser than 1 GW of work done by an array of renewablestations.

In another embodiment of the invention, the renewable energy powered 200control stations 300 and 400, to engineer the interaction between oceanand atmosphere 500, along with extensive sensor based collection of richdata using network 800 and distributed data processing 900 are arrayedtogether as in 1000, with a complete learning system 1300 using enhancedNWP (Numerical Weather prediction) 1400 with simulated forcing to definecontrol steps, are used to control the global climate and weather asshown in FIG. 17 . The arrays are placed at critical areas of the oceanwhere naturally occurring phenomena that are know to affect the globalweather patterns, such as 1701, the tropical and sub-tropical South EastPacific region where the ocean SST is known to affect the global climateon a nearly annual basis through the phenomena known as El-Nino (warmSST in Pacific) or La-Nina (cooler SST in the region). Controlling theSST with a coordinated array 1701 allows leveraging small amount ofenergy to impact the global climate due to the complex interactionbetween atmospheric and ocean energy dynamics. For instance in 1701 inconjunction with another array on pacific coast 1706 can impact the JetStream position over North America to impact weather across thecontinent. Similarly 1701 interacting with 1708 can affect the weatherpattern across Australia, while 1708 by itself can be used to cool thecoral reef waters affecting the Great Barrier Reef. Similarly theinteraction of 1701 and 1708 with Kurioshio current 1707 along coast ofJapan will affect the East Asia Monsoon, while the control station array1709 in Bay of Bengal will significantly affect the Indian Monsoon. Inthe Atlantic the use of control station array 1705 near the TenerifeIslands off the coast of Africa significantly affects the cyclogenesisof Hurricanes, while the Gulf Stream can be controlled using 1702 alongthe South East coast of USA, which along with 1703 along European coastcan impact the weather there, along with 1704 in the Labrador andGreenland seas, affecting the Arctic Meridional overturning current andits impact on the Arctic seas.

The required size of these arrays can be estimated as follows, first weconsider the Gulf Stream 1702 that flows along the East Coast of US,which transports near 30 Million cubic meters per second (30 sverdrupssv) near Florida Straits (and 150 sv near Newfoundland). Gulf Stream istypically 100 km wide with depths of 800 m to 1200 m and surfacevelocities lesser than 2.5 m/s, the average depth of the currentconsistent with the above data is therefore around 150 meters. To changetemperature of one cubic meter by 1° C., requires 1.2 kWh, therefore toreduce the temperature of 30 Million Cubic meters by 1° C. requires 36Million kWh, which is 36 GWh, since water is flowing at a rate of 30 sv,we require 130 TW of heat removal to reduce the surface temperatures by1° C. Using a heat up will require between 30 to 60 TW of renewableenergy power. Another approach is to pump the surface water down deeperand slow down the build up of the surface temperature. Recognizing thatnaturally the top layer thermocline ranges in depth from 50 m to 100 m,by pumping vertically this water the layer can be doubled and thereforethe solar heating of the surface slowed by a significant factor of 2.The power required for this pumping this top 100 m is roughly 6 TW.However, since the effect of this pumping is to reduce the temperaturebuild up over the season also since the impact need not be 1° C. as thatis a large forcing, so the actual power can be even about 1 TW and stillhave significant impact on the overall temperature. For the El Ninoregions 1701, the estimate of higher the normal temperatures is around 1to 2° C. and the total warm water volume for the strongest El Nino yearsis approximately 2×10¹⁴ cubic meters, so the total heat content isaround 5×10¹⁴ kWh, since this is accumulated over 3 to 4 years, thisrequires renewable energy sources of 10¹⁴ W or 100 TW. To move heat thedown would require between 30 to 50 TW of renewable powered controlstations. The El Nino process is of recharge-discharge and is centeredon a build up of ocean heat in the tropical western Pacific in the coolphase, and then the heat is moved across the Pacific and then polewardswithin the ocean during the El Nino phase. This process involves lateraland vertical redistribution of heat within the basin involving theenergy buildup, redistribution and distribution of the total heat. Theseprocesses can be modified with critically placed intervention even offew TW level can be effective to prevent the build up to the criticalpoint and to slow down or attenuate the magnitude. One aspect can beensuring stable trade winds to ensure build up of heat in still watersis avoided, or ensuring more effective transfer of motion from wind tothe sea surface.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopeand spirit being indicated by the following claims.

The claims defining the invention are as follows:
 1. A system forchanging ocean surface temperature and other parameters including: aplurality of photovoltaic cells receiving sunlight, each of saidplurality of voltaic cells being connected to an energy generation unit;a plurality of wind turbines, driven by received wind, each of saidplurality of wind turbines being connected to the energy generationunit; a plurality of ocean turbines, each of said plurality of oceanturbines being connected to the energy generation unit; the energygeneration unit being operable to transfer energy and store said energyin a plurality of energy storage units; a plurality of horizontal pumpsoperable to deflect naturally occurring currents or to attenuate watercurrents, said plurality of horizontal pumps being positioned to createa desired ocean current profile, the plurality of horizontal pumps beingconnected to and drawing energy from the generation and energy storageunits; a plurality of vertical pumps operable to pump water verticallyto create a vertical flow of ocean water and churn and distribute matterthereby moving warmer surface water to cooler depths of the ocean, theplurality of vertical pumps being connected to and drawing energy fromthe generation and storage units; a plurality of heat pumps to transportthermal energy operable to obtain a desired temperature depth profileand a desired temperature distribution, the plurality of heat pumpsbeing connected to and drawing energy from the generation and storageunits; a plurality of osmosis units operable to change salinity profileof the ocean surface water, the plurality of osmosis units beingconnected to and drawing power from the generation and storage units; aplurality of fan units operable to change wind profile on surface ofwater, the plurality of fan units being connected to and drawing powerfrom the generation and storage units; and a plurality of long infraredwavelength radiation devices operable to emit to outer space within theatmospheric window to cool the environment as desired, the plurality ofinfrared emitter units being connected to and drawing power from thegeneration and storage units.